Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. PSY-352 Health Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Not able to pass stool or gas. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). States of Consciousness - Psychology 2e - Maricopa Many people experience disturbances in their sleep at some point in their lives. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. Because the biological clock is driven by light, exposure to bright light during working shifts and dark exposure when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression (Huang, Tsai, Chen, & Hsu, 2013). Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. . An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. typically follow the example of their parents more than their friends. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. 1. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. 2. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). In addition, stage 1 sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). Nasal Congestion: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment - MedicineNet The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). Upset stomach and vomiting. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Has something like this ever happened to you? Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998).