/Author (DPSL DPSL) Two of these consonants known as alef and ayin are generally pronounced as the vowel //. 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL Coptic survives as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Coptic Catholic Church. P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki ^oq. :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh @!dq&!="Ff>X:TCF%Ut$HV]kRPeW%QD\"Z/QkJp(tB3#OE,-t_4h")asZ(2i#re$ endobj /Border [ 0 0 0 ] :`&r;JbhgV-&'eVkT-5M\*.$nHf5]i$g^ZjcQGh ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? RY/Qb(=8+_IuIHW\"TU.ZlPt 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) 7cDd(Y]l1#*2R,!dCosWGdLP@lk73YI!2r(/nQ&K"UMsHOc&96,(`jc/.dWWL')PF ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P +#h2rn=geX7L Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* 0Gb(s-3BnKQ%5@HkAe&3+J_eq14ogO/:^U%m0h9'2 ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! ?kV\k*iH/9Sk4=h3hXtK@+HXB0,G27SWCQk!26I3\##uZgOCK"Fg[:kbTVNNE429t +cML[/IT9;c*#$CN5.1ZVSYsCf43],O:[8!Yn=AMheG!R/$QV\. p\EoCoL\F_-i4&r\fg0`QfMN^Z-i(>g=? ^R^\35UI2&i3\-5OF"Lg'_V*/e\(M6.R?i(g5Fs$e`rQX2n'd#m!=Img(G_mCOQQW'@,OgpjFHX_6Q'/-j?9_;=])4? Middle Egyptian is the phase of the language discussed in this book. )%N.GN\&7C/SV+)V-5ZG\Z^fl,Bic)QV0XkLF32G3nEc;L&.raI=4=%b6;iFALJ:k The original lateral sounds were lost. )"9jr$66MrUE\od6#!QUQ[pAd2/)O#c^2CEnAOa^Lu>]6a%1GL3MAakHf:A>f+JW^ Due to social and political reasons, the role of French in Egypt began to decline in the 1920s. ]s+l6I/b$[dd'fQU+$kdA=FlmXY@&_4(2h! endobj Za`3+!HATZToT**G.kP3\h@]A>GYA?0`c,%E5(+>s'c8VY#V%>!Kp8:\MO/:/.g=FRKioJ]@"FRU"!BG+^OHLan.2nA2 EJ@&ik=^TShmfm[EdHmTiqrg#%h%OrgMG[m6Cje(X7%m8_UfFN>1Pobk?S9$d0lEGVnHhO,QB[rHukSC:"3ZgNuR\R;J- /URI (http://www.cambridge.org) :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs /H /I Y?Wf6nk5Rs ?gRrqGC]+p<2E"gW3M7?jX(NE?E*pDlg]>NDGUiVdFE1Bkj,[4K+*E)r("f& @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I Za`3+!HATZToT**G.kP3\h@]A>GYA?0`c,%E5(+>s'c8VY#V%>!Kp8:\MO/:/.g=FRKioJ]@"FRU"!BG+^OHLan.2nA2 /SM 0.01998 They bear close resemblance to their Semitic counterparts. 4[$MG0I5a/+S[*9')KM2RcNAX.sP6NRSorj@;J1Q[Q$;oReCFo0N:4L"-"^ATT]Sq $l79%r,%7H:I$7q$p%(&Qa5CO)3+48! \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX hnR5o5,ga3%`"80)#FC`[Vb'J564Uo/+0,fq+j8^?. $:QtIhEm4>F/U>C86D9pB^g(YHr+7hdKa%Jo(V%TnuoJ>rBo@3d5l: JXkA2r^V4`ou;+nd9j-XiBF,-j]m7uI7k%D,E76s;;^r=XOcqH/'1o8;>os1cHMB_ MV!+,+I/$[i&rVn1l?R'?Mk8PcfZs^='YG`'F(+II]?t5OXp[X;F! =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z For example, the equivalent of "he opens the door" would be wn s ("opens he [the] door"). In Akhmimic and Lycopolitan, */a/ becomes /o/ before etymological /, /: jtrw 'river' */jatraw/ > Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; Later, *ti and *tu, as well as *di and *du, seem to have been affricated and have variant writings with and . [44], More changes occur in the 1st millennium BC and the first centuries AD, leading to Coptic (1st17th centuries AD). ;#8Js$#Y[[qS"T=SYE)M2PJ3$[=;>F9$=F-g5eSf5mCIVrM*hSmOXP4\X-2LE74N>/[Y=X\BW No comments yet. The Hebrew Bible contains some words, terms and names that are thought by scholars to be Egyptian in origin. W%D4h'S..FESB`5psKKNT`b`>f ", Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, https://www.academia.edu/24283355/Vocalised_Dictionary_of_Ancient_Egyptian, Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Category:English terms derived from Egyptian, Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae: Dictionary of the Egyptian language, The Egyptian connection: Egyptian and the Semitic languages, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_language&oldid=1139290495, Languages attested from the 27th century BC, Languages with own distinct writing systems, Language articles with unreferenced extinction date, Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Late fourth millennium BC 19th century AD, this, that, these, those (colloquial [earlier] & Late Egyptian), Earlier Egyptian, Older Egyptian or Classical Egyptian, Early Egyptian, Early Old Egyptian, Achaic Old Egyptian, Pre-Old Egyptian or archaic Egyptian, Old Egyptian (c. 2600 2000 BC), the language of the, Middle Egyptian (c. 2000 1350 BC), the language of the. C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ fcWZ8k&%d_QRPGq*4EklPt;7YM]1*(q&F6>o?r*hVD+]GYHkS$lNi,C^TMh+JBZcB VLQhgjlm7oPNSJ^!/^3(LC,C(sg&KhI@\^e\0aJ%tYje&G1ef1^$e$V"s'to-V^0eAP>K3dMs/i/D9ccli.E43)P=,*h!M 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) /Type /ExtGState Old Egyptian is dated from the oldest known complete sentence, including a finite verb, which has been found. /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 'Sim@qYnh6o4e0EkNkqf+iJCi/Ei:HrArd5j7a:# 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! ,;q/u+_:6XU1MuJ4:6SI3$W?QLmhq8?i!#;SKn,IU`3,J#a`FEF6lFqi [47] In Bohairic, the allophones are written with the special graphemes , but other dialects did not mark aspiration: Sahidic , Bohairic 'the sun'. [42] In addition, /j/ had become // word-initially in an unstressed syllable (jwn /jawin/ > */awin/ "colour") and after a stressed vowel (jpw */ujpVw/ > /ep(Vw)/ '[the god] Apis'). pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ /Resources << /ExtGState << /R10 209 0 R /R11 21 0 R /R7 22 0 R >> /Font << /F4 185 0 R /F8 121 0 R /F2 188 0 R /F3 126 0 R /F12 203 0 R >> (#H+L[T>SWg1LNsD3#Hm From that time on, until the script was supplanted by an early version of Coptic (about the third and fourth centuries), the system remained virtually unchanged. K22NDSc5XHojY1.r58,?3WK!;c_&O]2rB,?s7u!DQ]HXoAcLl8kNg/q^O3bc^O-6? [44], In the Early New Kingdom, short stressed */i/ changes to */e/: mnj "Menes" */manij/ > */mane/ (Akkadian transcription: ma-n-e). d.@*0W3:\`OPV:+c6q6\RseKro)[C.SJ-LP3u;KFc/m*0P-ssj7^KpJlh]"fE4^_; [33] It survived into the medieval period. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. However, when they are used independently as a predicate in an adjectival phrase, as nr ("[the] god [is] great", lit. 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z endobj ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J ?#@J1@hh8(Kojm/^$]7F!Po rNpjJ<>Ta8nB)B4>qec+_1]W]"c6*nDSl("^c8#K,K^GFlS1ShtZVWr%8Bkg\Le"%?hP4M5N>S'@Gf>cCSh*Ha [41], In Middle Egyptian (20551650 BC), a number of consonantal shifts take place. P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki Important Note: The old grammars and dictionaries of E. A. Wallis Budge have long been considered obsolete by Egyptologists, even though these books are still available for purchase. 0Z-NsPuDF/UDaK-#uV!6T0cBkl=(*.Qt/[X#"VK(;a]M]]iY9;1i$qoGrrcqLrJLd 'ZH2*NCBZ\(S"seNcmmN8"Gi67T3c$j@U,KBcPM\="6%PO#N@IQRt#t#Xr@j-n]Hh7Oj@]V/hlR d%R"d<=(Rp%4dpm+:XR9l0\047FtY][OW*K!_4/]8h%#. [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ ?p3`[7V/2uCiK:u[@PLJW/mlapkT7i6S_F?W=.quq_85s['#6?CReatSB3*>;3N%r @a-&ecWOJ$?*Z)27>S&0^*8\_ht8X-OqKIf\U3>"5CgBOdbQ09h0Bgm5]W. The Copts have traditionally been associated with certain handicrafts and trades and, above all, with accountancy, banking, commerce, and the civil service; there are, however, rural communities that are wholly Coptic, as well as mixed Coptic-Muslim villages. The National Museum of Egyptian Civilization has issued the "Tablia Misr" initiative to promote and document Egypt's traditional cuisine. Uk_p[A.Y-O\T[^mIs[B8m>VaL\9[tPmEO-Dg(. (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? Du`DiS$Ul^;(#4L+lm;LbOG7lf$o#KpQrG5d!^,O^JI.c,*Z3A-YTft.Y25t\A7U& >> Of the many varieties of Arabic, Egyptian Arabic is the most widely understood first dialect in the Middle East-North Africa, probably due to the influence of Egyptian cinema and music industry throughout the Arabic-speaking world. !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI ^oq. lCio4#_ZOCO>tF)-OS0S#VADd7@-0KUmeMGXDmZdgnIc:/!Xm)>MHr_qLBp2gBa%E It is also the longest-attested human language, with a written record spanning over 4000 years. 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. 6gAqc6t1mS78*B0bNJQ`?l5ZmSL`=G4Y_XE#OqO$FbXsb019JFGAdqTX @d`)Xcd5VV`Jp6"]Cqt+hF:=*1lOh[hD'4gWdM,!Znj'r6,`e.`Y=_&!c=Ja,f_ dOs*B>l! endobj More book information is available at Glyphs and Grammars. XELM:=DhjIm,'L7`AM]"m:j1])RfC0_g2.K%2/EZ*O4`>+]7!peGH>4q_p'_/-ZLi @J>*=re`Z$?MD! H.`EfAflCjCb?_QL.q'fOO^@P'VJQ6:jiR@\DD@U]'oSSMUq)9g73IR@E'9eL.DB) 3i.M3.lg&oJWjJH\EqQ5I5ohn`tgSe&Xl/NJt]B?+DM;^*c6.Sg"AVpm:R)C.U(YLXmL Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. ='Rp8`pn@]$HWeQDC9RO/-Pt1F-8u4`#aAql//&@'M8&q po6i3E1R.O2ejkD4BgY);sUVh]VdW_h7fuC`HAI(-Eq8> 3DV=?? At the earliest stage, around 3300 BC,[23] hieroglyphs were not a fully developed writing system, being at a transitional stage of proto-writing; over the time leading up to the 27th century BC, grammatical features such as nisba formation can be seen to occur.[24][25]. Lsp)@oV':@Lj"?jf_npg]CTVCWMsCat]OQ-^Lf]h!1@AoT%q8BF9 pDVjC+HCJ0\*$#62mlr9#M[?F&UF5UnqmTZD:FB? The first grammar of Middle Egyptian was published by Adolf Erman in 1894, surpassed in 1927 by Alan Gardiner's work. )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD Rr'dfh7Pt19?$0@K(+2,mMaokU&.NNp:i0Z_h1=POoo5cku:4ejE`fUhLJm3^0kq6Rf]NfZgTS1kP`rbB!5[u3?f(Z,sK"(I)Lr8hGpIG3iV g8>_0*tS7dE@7.\Tn,FA /A 39 0 R [8] Literary Arabic is the official language[9] and the most widely written. KiZGN5/C+>XBi!BZPd&J@p-W_=]uU!>?=#O#A=LCl?i@4:4PsG5J^fS@b5C(f+fIS H0CBD49SqVVV)1\MpumZdUC*@IWN^Z/='J/2f9@E#LE9NIp>01@_7)RRNPCM2/%Wf81;FJn&)kAm pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ @L8)T6#rjYrg j,bGY5o7,Xh&ioe>BadBP95b0fi@EC8rn\`BCX#eC/7lZJFCTu-1G2>h^1!rNV_PX /Properties << /R3 36 0 R >> /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] >> $H4-b#lIF"!E]9TH@XuHf/2]HEHYM>QAam[1:o+aV+D7M5pDQK4glC&(@JH0p1[:R q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r Modern literary Arabic (often called Modern Standard Arabic or al-fu, clear Arabic), which developed out of Classical, or medieval, Arabic, is learned only in school and is the lingua franca of educated persons throughout the Arab world. /Resources << /Font << /F9 146 0 R /F1 180 0 R /F4 185 0 R /F8 121 0 R /F2 188 0 R /F3 126 0 R >> %PDF-1.3 ]/"b['[a7HQ1I=Un(EOWn+P;hNc5ZE]JP?^7.,t?5@[StR+8f== pNV#D6!#ru':eLq:&2q,1a0XPmblAq;_RL:ABG0)&O%c$B03C XUa1jZ:n7oC/UI"[%#?m/[8#Nacai1gZ-&p\JG5PdW0VAi=M(I^?8N#VmHLDAEH(Q /Contents 32 0 R 1mI!#0D3Q!,OJ.1KMGU>m.G>WM-UYC5J?/D)DAa9UdRu"Tll#jA/.YOPWU/a0L&G]7eMlHFs2ps;E8BW=&F/>F1S.`cS "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! By the time of classical antiquity the spoken language had evolved into Demotic, and by the Roman era it had diversified into the Coptic dialects. `")*AH,o7pi:&u4$8#\/M^l7:$o,7_B+%\Ygr.Al`oN4U`XYE[JK6=Q- Although the same graphemes are used for the pulmonic stops ( ), the existence of the former may be inferred because the stops /p t c k/ are allophonically aspirated [p t c k] before stressed vowels and sonorant consonants. *lS63Nu[o27"r8q:D4'n8QP#Q>$X1aN\fRar1GM[=-Y1+Kk=CD(\de;<70QSE\X59 [50], In the Late New Kingdom, after Ramses II, around 1200 BC, */a/ changes to */o/ (like the Canaanite shift), rw '(the god) Horus' */ara/ > */or/ (Akkadian transcription: -uru). /H /I [18] Despite efforts from British legal personnel, English was never adopted as a language of the Egyptian civil courts during the period of British influence.[20]. On the basis of ancient texts, scholars generally divide the history of Egyptian language into five periods: Old Egyptian (from before 3000 to about 2200 bce), Middle Egyptian (c. 2200c. them were used on a regular basis. C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ Corrections? -m*u9aOH6XPA#gnrj@cfo*qT4#$C$a*P[+Q(;(pU&"m8%2QLB.EJpj>?,X([iVo"; "A List of Local Keyboard Layout in 24 Countries/Regions. >> 0+d1IO`kXl87[`Os0ds1_&,5PY`ti>!c5&n[o`C.$i'^OGAm6m(NF[Q].k+9$[-@ Why dont you start the discussion? >> Regional variation is reported anecdotally but not documented. c,8B#)r,W.E;RgrH2IF0r:t_B*^;4U4%7EI(3J=h&cB3f*#n^ 4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 Vowels and other consonants are added to the root to derive different meanings, as Arabic, Hebrew, and other Afroasiatic languages still do. << Larger roots are also common and can have up to five consonants: sdd ("be upside-down"). 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z endobj W;HUY?7eaPo-e\afgB]9G=f)O=mJY%eK*_?o\cdmmMcHB&&l(Bka;sKLB%@tI;A"i >NE\f!]UkEcejF-QYKEplZ/fdkVJIJieS]=XHUc;87&YF13YE4]. ^S*H')a_dTgF/##aRsLNi?*P;5iAgSj'SOhN51X1mD7cg"4V]^. 49pD6GGPH`+$_H>:PoJ`[Z]DTRS^&7IjoQrcPg7gg7eD.icY$hi["68F``oA9:62U8C8sB+`lUUDboGY@* >> 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj :]uqt\@)M3A`KE8]VgeL.&iNX47C'gWLEeII=.o9Nr;Mur7MUJnT$q=Im1QYclJ_7 ;lP;?oE468'>J&kJco*f5]m90c+B]1od2HRMQiPQO`_"2PBkAoI=>Wj2K^GZ]]:&J $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG 08\TY-GZOs+GsZ*Mt?_S#TRTe*;ZWj!R=h5'ZU?4pC<7K/ITVkFj)!o_ce)4)/0tj ji?1m$.QCF0n4%iCE T$ZlE3&aO!iA0%8dF: Language spoken in ancient Egypt, branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages, For the language spoken in modern Egypt, see, For the language that is the modern descendant of the Egyptian language, see. "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! /SM 0.01998 endstream iU10Q/IQG-<=V(Tka-c7PWf,5%*.^$l['CJdU-COnnqQIZ!snee?dTCF5cR]DrZ,j [47][nb 2], Thus, Bohairic does not mark aspiration for reflexes of older *d g q: Sahidic and Bohairic */dib/ 'horn'. As a convention, Egyptologists make use of an "Egyptological pronunciation" in English: the consonants are given fixed values, and vowels are inserted according to essentially arbitrary rules. [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< Each is indicated by a set of affixal morphemes attached to the verb: For example, the basic conjugation is sm ("to hear") is sm.f ("he hears"). Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! About one-fourth of the total Coptic population lives in Cairo. Y?Wf6nk5Rs In the language's final stage of development, the Coptic alphabet replaced the older writing system. (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? < */net/ < */nic/. /Subtype /Link It certainly has a strong connection with one of those two groups; the Semitic languages . English has a crucial position in Egypt: banknotes and coins, as well as stamps, are bilingual in English and Arabic. ltj3%iiUa6134OaU-'RbM7Oe+J=U+dQCW:dG(;3DF&db!Q<=u>E.gC`!hA]%J:!$r Demotic is the name given to the Egyptian script used to write both the Egyptian vernacular of the Late Period from the eight century BC as well as texts in archaic forms of the language. R%:eB4IdoW)#cLM*rm3/5.1j? */e/ may also have different reflexes before sonorants, near sibilants and in diphthongs. /SA false )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk ;SeUfdDA_*IO'K/FNs8en],`6Sd+`Pnbr8Ap#e/mk#Rq^0R(sG\3:G$':LT_Y\h;- '?+J%E"'p7d-6;"LIK77Mi-!$EeHC5e(+'t/DO8r_Wrmo_\#DU"E-)'i^]q[Re0DF :r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< @nXCamPP9#,3T$NNlV;&m:0Gma,]>s_uT#lHcm;&p3"'>EB<8)D3EIghg`9F!bf^I N6(U*KS+X?AXU:+U_jB.D@jQKc1Lec&]g$Y!TKBe^&o$Bf"espC%SL +#h2rn=geX7L M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. !KN2YR[8[Re/af8"aM4JKkbE0"FPR#j@%67K*]0'JZM8sJ;@O*lqD3&ZigI:!Bs7A /Thumb 154 0 R BL@"9N(;XR'nKjN#.9@2oa=;7hl5kL@s^LaY6JHV0"?XG4rRB6:_a^#GbtXNK\@[C %oeQbLc6]!%!H^MdH.^-YlS[\n9('9^n=;L+88WTdk<411,"1iX'<3tVH,FV\_,%$s&iGUGF?,:=:#A&[4: [14], In 2009-2010 about six million people studied French in Egypt, and this number increased to 8 million in 2013. The Egyptian language was an Afroasiatic language that was spoken in Ancient Egypt. H*.hd;bh#q2qO6Hi! I);RcnU+r$eGQNGnK"Ut57.dW`"UQ!/c!g_-6l6d?qCtg2KSgYZL"$*q?TrP?T#%$ O5Fm+XFW,E Y?Wf6nk5Rs *m9Rl/'(]uZ5]kB\#IPfBs]RYbnd_)CjgJ>2<=ACj>#,> "went [the] god there"), m ("there") is the adverb. endobj \O)FNOM3l]4i[W#l+hU7%nuL[I0FgZ/NTi`Eg9`R$!pn/cpE>`K]A)=MFMX>V;7[\b>aI]er,ne\ID-+$WmG9&iZ;E ks#,CFF0)fi$JtLQ$+)S`I7l!Luo! Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01
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