2. Of one not easily jealous but, being wrought, The three fundamental qualities of an archetype are: An archetype is a preconscious, instinctual expression of man's basic nature. The critic is at the center of interpretive activity, and the critic functions as teacher, interpreter, priest, seer. Role of the Archetypal Symbols The handercheif is utilized throught Othello to demonstrate the loyalty of Desdemona, as well as Othello's love for her. Within these three days let me hear thee say 1924) to move beyond clinical inquiry within the consulting room of psychotherapy to formulate archetypal theory as a multidisciplinary field (Archetypal 1). Discuss The Archetypes Of The Tragedy In Othello | 123 Help Me The play imitates life through basic human emotions such as jealousy and rage. The dynamic of Othellos character significantly changes throughout the play. This article, then, treats the only form of literary theory and criticism consistent with and derived directly from the psychological principles advanced by Jung. O, damn her, damn her! - Alfredo Alvarez, student @ Miami University, We use cookies to provide the best possible experience on our site. Feminist Critique of the Character Desdemona in Othello Introduction Women during Elizabethan age are assumed to have spent their lives in the service of men - prearranged marriages, child rearing, and their role as sexual objects. Archetypal critics are also interested in certain myths and rituals that recur in a wide variety of cultures. However, in William Shakespeare's Othello, Emilia's character portrays three completely different archetypes and they all come through in strategical places. Iagos motivation is anything but explainable in conventional terms. Indeed, myth criticism seems singularly unaffected by any of the archetypal theorists who have remained faithful to the origins and traditions of depth, especially analytical, psychologyJames Hillman, Henri Corbin, Gilbert Durand, Rafael Lopez-Pedraza, Evangelos Christou. And concomitantly, on which of these levels was the reader affected? Essays may be lightly modified for readability or to protect the anonymity of contributors, but we do not edit essay examples prior to publication. Jung was also more preoccupied with dreams and fantasies, because he saw them as exclusively (purely) products of the unconscious, in contrast to literature, which he oddly believed, citing Joyces Ulysses as an example, was created in the full light of consciousness (15:123). A Christian Moor and general of the armies of Venice, Othello is an eloquent and physically powerful figure, respected by all those around him. You know how looking at a math problem similar to the one you're stuck on can help you get unstuck? Not only does she try to protect Othellos reputation by blaming herself, Desdemona tells Emilia to remind Othello about her showing that she stills respects Othello. No single motive is relied on for long, and the gap between cause and effect, between the pettiness of Iagos grudges and the monstrousness of his behavior, prompted Samuel Taylor Coleridge in a memorable phrase to characterize Iagos motiveless malignity. There is in Iago a zest for villainy and a delight in destruction, driven more by his hatred and contempt for any who oppose his conception of jungle law than by a conventional naturalistic explanation based on jealousy or envy. This scene has suggested to some critics that Iagos true motivation for destroying the marriage of Desdemona and Othello is a repressed homosexual love for Othello. The concept of the archetype is a venerable philosophical principle that came into new prominence and usage in the twentieth century with the development of archetypal literary criticism through the theories of psychologist C. G. Jung and literary theorist Northrop Frye. What makes Othello so unique structurally (and painful to witness) is that it is a tragedy built on a comic foundation. The moment he showed violence towards Desdemona, the audience lost interest in comforting Othello. he asks, which gives pause to a theory of pure nobility. Archetypal Criticism - SlideShare Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. When he realizes the grave mistake he had made by taking an honest Desdemona's life he can no longer live with himself. So much I challenge that I may profess Texts and Contexts: Writing About Literature with Critical Theory. Bettina Knapps 1984 effort at an authoritative demonstration of archetypal literary criticism exemplified this pattern. First Cassio lands to deliver the news of Othellos marriage and, like the best man, supplies glowing praise for the groom and his bride; next Desdemona, accompanied by Iago and his wife, Emilia, enters but must await news of the fate of Othellos ship. Key quotation (Aside) O, you are well tuned now!But I'll set down the pegs that make this music, As honest as I am. However, for Othello this is not the case. 1: 67), of the archetypes, which he described as patterns of psychic energy originating in the collective unconscious and finding their most common and most normal manifestation in dreams (8:287). archetypal criticism in othello In The Tragedy of Othello, Shakespeare details the story of a celebrated military hero who falls victim to the machinations of a conniving villain who goes by the name of Iago. Othello is a Moorish (African) general in the Venetian army and an eloquent storyteller who is respected, but often treated as an outsider. What is a tragic hero and why is Othello considered one? Here are some ways our essay examples library can help you with your assignment: Read our Academic Honor Code for more information on how to use (and how not to use) our library. (V.2.316, 323) It is beyond a doubt Othello's fault that all of this wreckage befalls him, and his still has not had a moment of recognition of his failures at reasoning and understanding. Kibin, 2023, www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. In the beginning of the play, Othello is seen as content with his new bride: For know, Iago, But that I love the gentle Desdemona (1.2.24-25). Thus, all contrastive categorization would benefit from archetypal analysis. By the end of the play, he has brought down his world around him with the relentless force that made him a great general turned inward, destroying both what he loved best in another and in himself. For Jung, archetype is an explanatory paraphrase of the Platonic eidos (9, pt. To you, preferring you before her father, Thus Jungian theory provided no clear avenue of access for those outside of psychology, and orthodox Jungians were left with little in the way of models for the psychological analysis of literature. Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Analysis of Stuart Halls Encoding/Decoding, Jacques Derrida's Structure, Sign and Play. Character analysis: Iago in Othello | The British Library In addition, Othello is far from being a perfect character - another quality that meets Aristotle's requirements. An archetypal critic would suggest that all human experience is linked through literature and that this experience is expressed again and again using the same patterns throughout time and space. As Dian's visage, is now begrimed and black. Historical is basically know the background story before you making assumptions off the text, and to better understand text lookup time period close to the time like 1600's . Did you find something inaccurate, misleading, abusive, or otherwise problematic in this essay example? As Hillman puts it, Corbins insight that Jungs mundus archetypalis is also the mundus imaginalis that corresponds to the Islamic alam al-mithl (3) was an early move toward a reappraisal of psychology itself as an activity of poesis (24). Othello must now face the realization of what he has done. to view the complete essay. He ends up killing her out of jealousy; when she does not deserve it. I know not ift be true; But I, for mere suspicion in that kind, Will do as if for surety (2.1. In Othello, the plot meets the definition of both Aristotle and Shakespeare on a tragedy. Due to the Moor, my lord. During the play Iago manipulates Othello because Lieutenant Cassio was promoted ahead of him, and also because he suspects that Othello has had an affair with his wife. English Literature: Frye: The Archetypes - Blogger Peopleshow more content An outburst that othello has in a crowd of his peers causes people to start to question their noble leader. To see you here before me. He is an individual of high stature who is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. Their discourse is conducted in poetic language; that is, their notions of soul-making come from the Romantics, especially William Blake and John Keats. Their union is opposed by Desdemonas father, Brabantio, and by a rival for Desdemona, Roderigo, who in the plays opening scenes are both provoked against Othello by Iago. Northrop Frye, however, further developed this theory in his book Anatomy of Criticism and later in his essay 'The Archetypes in Literature . http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX, ("An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare. Othello - Shakespeare Birthplace Trust That such a man should unravel so completely, ushered by jealousy and hatred into a bestial worldview that cancels any claims of human virtue and self-less devotion, shocks and horrifies. (PDF) Archetypal Criticism | Tiyas Mondal - Academia.edu Further, the text offered confirmation (and poetic representation) of the only direct contribution Jung made to literary theory: a distinction between psychological and visionary texts (Collected 15:89-90). Othello Zootopia Act 1 The wall Othello is referring to are the Walls of Nicosia which surround the capital city Nicosia in Cyprus. Farewell! An archetype is the original pattern or . To protect the anonymity of contributors, we've removed their names and personal information from the essays. For the fair devil. 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PPT - Archetypal Criticism PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID By trying to hide the fact that Othello had murdered her, Desdemona has chosen to put the honor of their love above honesty. An example, is that they had to overcome a huge obstacle such as love because Othello and Desdemona were in love but her father did not approve of it. Analysis of William Shakespeare's Othello - Literary Theory and Criticism Literary Critics on Othello - Litchapter.com In addition, he modified and extended his concept over the many decades of his professional life, often insisting that archetype named a process, a perspective, and not a content, although this flexibility was lost through the codifying, nominalizing tendencies of his followers. Iago replies: Demand me nothing; what you know, you know: / From this time forth I never will speak word. By Iagos exiting the stage, closing access to his motives, the focus remains firmly on Othello, not as Iagos victim, but as his own. Having triumphantly bested the social and natural forces aligned against them, having staked all to the devotion of the other, Desdemona and Othello will not be left to live happily ever after, and the tragedy will grow out of the conditions that made the comedy. / Man but a rush against Othello's breast / And he retires." When Othello cant dismiss his suspicions of his wife being unfaithful any longer he starts to lose his morality . Often in our society people are labelled as, or fit into a, certain character mould and their behaviour and actions remain consistent. Analysis. Now art thou my lieutenant. Check out our Privacy and Content Sharing policies for more information.). archetypal criticism in othello Thus criticism evolving from his work is more accurately named archetypal and is quite distinct from myth criticism. Desdemonas true morals is her absolute devotion to her husband. To date, the British Journal of Analytical Psychology and the retitled American Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture are the best resources for archetypal criticism of literature and the arts even though only a small percentage of their published articles treat such topics. Frye, then, first misinterprets Jungian theory by insisting on a Lamarckian view of genetic transmission of archetypes, which Jung explicitly rejected, and later settles on a concept of archetype as a literary occurrence per se, an exclusively intertextual recurring phenomenon resembling a convention (99). Farewell / Commend me to my kind lord. Othello: I greet thy love, FREE Archetype Essay Essay - Example Essays This recurring idea of an evil witch is extremely common and archetypal. Essays and criticism on William Shakespeare's Othello - Criticism . Ignoring her appeals for mercy and avowals of innocence, Othello smothers her moments before Emilia arrives with the proof of Desdemonas innocence and Iagos villainy. As in a typical Shakespearean comedy, love, tested, triumphs over all opposition. In addition, many powerfully heuristic Jungian concepts, such as synchronicity, have yet to be tested in literary contexts. In Shakespeare?s play Othello, Othello himself is the tragic hero. Where a malignant and a turband Turk Further, Jung termed his own theory analytical psychology, as it is still known especially in Europe, but Jungian thought is more commonly referred to today in all disciplines as archetypal psychology.. Egypt) and titles (e.g. Act 3, one of the wonders of the stage, anatomizes Othellos psychic descent from perfect contentment in his new wife to complete loathing, from a worldview in which everything is as it appears to one in which nothing is as it seems. norwegian cruise line dining menus archetypal criticism in othello. Frye, however, notably in Anatomy of Criticism, essentially redefined and relocated archetype on grounds that would remove him unequivocally from the ranks of Jungian critics by severing the connection between archetype and depth psychology: This emphasis on impersonal content has been developed by Jung and his school, where the communicability of archetypes is accounted for by a theory of a collective unconsciousan unnecessary hypothesis in literary criticism, so far as I can judge (m-12). This last text explicitly named the movement and demonstrated its appropriation of archetypal theory for feminist ends in aesthetics, analysis, art, and religion, as well as in literature. Archetypal Literary Criticism. He suffers barbs and preconceived notions, yet Othello is esteemed and wins the love of the daughter of a nobleman. Hillman also discovers archetypal precursors in Neoplatonism, Heraclitus, Plotinus, Proclus, Marsilio Ficino, and Giambattista Vico. He had even gone as far as hitting her (4.1 134). Othello as a character of noble blood seems to conform to all these. Iago tries to prove Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio which increases Othello's torments of jealousy. The main ideas of Othello are jealousy and revenge. It has been mentioned earlier that pattern in literature refers to recurrent images, forms and words. Literature in English: Archetypal Criticism - Blogger Uncover new sources by reviewing other students' references and bibliographies, Inspire new perspectives and arguments (or counterarguments) to address in your own essay. I took by th throat the circumcisd dog, For the onlookers on stage, the final tableau of the dead Desdemona and Othello poisons sight and provokes the command to Let it be hid. The witnesses on stage cannot compute rationally what has occurred nor why, but the audience has been given a privileged view of the battle between good and evil worked out in the private recesses of a bedroom and a human soul. Myth criticism grew in part as a reaction to the formalism of New Criticism, while archetypal criticism based on Jung was never linked with any academic tradition and remained organically bound to its roots in depth psychology: the individual and collective psyche, dreams, and the analytic process. A few names form a core of writers in English (including many Canadians)Martin Bickman, Albert Gelpi, Elliott Gose, Evelyn Hinz, Henry Murray, Barton L. St. Armand, Harold Schechter, and William Stein though no single figure has attracted the attention of academic literary specialists, and no persistent commonalities fuse into a recognizable school critics who draw on Jungs theories. The scapegoat is the character that gets blamed for everything regardless if he or she was actually the one who did or not (Archetypes). As the story unfolds Othellos character evolves in an extremely tragic way as Iago manipulates him and leaves him to rot in his misery. You elements that clip us round about, What Is Archetypal Criticism? (with pictures) - Language Humanities Critical approaches to Othello | The British Library Child and Youth Care and Disability CYC 3000 Assignment: Getting to Know Disability Justice A deep dive into activists introduced by L. Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha Due Week 2, Friday at 11:59p It is important that you begin to learn about the various people and organizations that are leading the conversation on disability justice. Van Meurs also does a service by resurrecting successful but neglected early studies, such as Elizabeth Drews of T. S. Eliot (1949), and discovering value even in reductionist and impressionistic studies, such as June Singers of Blake. An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare Jung most frequently used myth (or mythologem) for the narrative expression, on the ethnological level (Collected 9, pt. He offers throughout the play multiple justifi cations for his intrigue: He has been passed over in favor of Cassio; he suspects the Moor and Cassio with his wife, Emilia; he is envious of Cassios open nature; and he is desirous of Desdemona himself. Commend me to my kind lord. Beat a Venetian and tradud the state, Othello's Integrity One of Othello's admirable qualities is that he believes that men should be transparent and honest as he is; "Certain, men should be what they seem" (Act 3 Scene 3 Line 134). 1. His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. Othello decides the only way to right his wrong is to take his own life. Archetypal criticism, then, construed as that derived from Jungs theory and practice of archetypal (analytical) psychology, is a fledgling and much misconstrued field of inquiry with significant but still unrealized potential for the study of literature and of aesthetics in general. The direction of Othello criticism will also be affected as literary criticism's longstanding commitment to cultural historicism comes under pressure from those who argue that explorations of context often come at the expense of literature's formal properties and affective registers, and as developments in the digital humanities enable fresh In the essay Frye critically analyses literature against the backdrop of rituals and myths. Issues of genre, period, and language were ignored or subjected to gross generalization as Jung searched for universals in texts as disparate as the fourth-century Shepherd of Hermas, the Divine Comedy, Francesco Colonnas Hypnerotomachia Poliphili (1499), E. T. A. Hoffmans tales, Pierre Benoits LAtlantide (1919-20), and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows Hiawatha, as well as works by Carl Spitteler and William Blake. Archetypal Criticism Archetypal theory and criticism, although often used synonymously with Myth theory and crticism, has a distinct history and process. Unfortunately, this got the ball rolling for Othellos inevitable downfall. Northrop frye archetypal criticism - WikiEducator 2. While acknowledging the grave weaknesses of much Jungian writing on literature as unsubtle and rigid application of preconceived psychological notions and schemes resulting in particularly ill-judged or distorted readings, van Meurs still finds that sensitively, flexibly and cautiously used, Jungian psychological theory may stimulate illuminating literary interpretations (14-15). Her Jungian Approach to Literature attempts to cover the Finnish epic The Kalevala, the Persian Atars The Conference of the Birds, and texts by Euripides, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Michel de Montaigne, Pierre Corneille, Goethe, Novalis, Rabbi ben Simhah Nachman, and W. B. Yeats. A fig! Self-interest is all that matters, and love is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will. Othello and Desdemona cannot possibly remain devoted to each other, and, as Iago concludes, If sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an err-ing barbarian and a super-subtle Venetian be not too hard for my wits, and all the tribe of hell, thou shalt enjoy her. The problem of Iagos motivation to destroy Othello and Desdemona is not that he has too few motives but too many. Lon S. Roudiez, 1986); Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprecht, Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985); Erich Neumann, Art and the Creative Unconscious: Four Essays (trans. The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single villain, but is rather a consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments and misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification exhibited by all of the participants. Shakespeare often focuses his plays on human nature as well as fate, which Othellos fate ended in the tragic ending due to his reversal of fortune once the claims against Desdemona begin. In Act 2, Scene 1 of Othello, Iago formulates his plan to drive Othello mad. Instead, they blame him for his own ultimate ruin. archetypal criticism definition and examples . If after every tempest come such calms, Innocent characters also suffer, like Desdemona. Othello: Damn her, lewd minx! 1: 4), but he distinguishes his concept and use of the term from that of philosophical idealism as being more empirical and less metaphysical, though most of his empirical data were dreams. By speaking of soul as a primary metaphor, rather than defining soul substantively and attempting to derive its ontological status from empirical demonstration or theological (metaphysical) argument, archetypal psychology recognizes that psychic reality is inextricably involved with rhetoric (Hillman, Archetypal 19). The Critical Analysis Of A Novel: Atonement By Ian Mcewan Atonement by Ian McEwan is a literary masterpiece and a highly critically acclaimed novel. In Cinthios story, Alfiero, the scheming ensign, lusts after the Moors wife, named Disdemona, and after she spurns his advances, Alfiero seeks vengeance by accusing her of adultery with Cassio, the Moors lieutenant. Richer than all his tribe. I will withdraw The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. A feminist critique of the character Desdemona in Shakespeares "Othello The concept of the archetype is a venerable philosophical principle that came into new prominence and usage in the twentieth century with the development of archetypal literary criticism . According to Aristotle, a tragic protagonist is a nobleman or person from high status, who contributes to his own demise and illustrates a flaw or weakness in judgment. While adding to the tone of the story it also adds to the characters overall personality from the reader's perspective. They were built to defen the city of Nicosia during the Otto-man Venetian war. Up until Act III Scene iii Othello, "noble Moor" is in an elated position and is very aware of his importance. Archetypal criticism focuses on such things in a work. Finally, Othello arrives giving him the opportunity to renew his marriage vows to Desdemona: It gives me wonder great as my content ARCHETYPES OF LITERATURE BY NORTHROP FRYE PDF - PDF Portland