Print. The domino theory was the basis for the United States strategy of containment, and the reason for entering the Vietnam War. In 1972, he remarked that a “great part of the energy of Soviet foreign policy is today devoted to the effort to ‘contain,’ politically, another Socialist state – China” (Kennan, Gati and Ullman 9). American politicians play a unique game in which they seek reelection, and opposing politicians use any means to counter the other party, so politicians cannot take the risk of looking weak to the major enemy of the time. In 1948, he urged the U.S. to “‘recognize [its] own limitations as a moral and ideological force among the Asiatic peoples’” (qtd. Condé Nast, 14 Nov. 2011. Corrections? 6 Dec. 2011. Containment and the Cold War In February 1946, George F. Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, proposed a policy of containment.Containment is the blocking of another nation's attempts to spread its influence.During the late 1940s and early 1950s the United States used this policy against the Soviets. This policy of no first use would lower the risk of nuclear conflict, but Nitze rejected it. He accepted the logic of America attempting to influence Asian affairs, but he warned against the belief that Asia was integral to U.S. security. 1947. The purpose of the policy is that communism could not be … NSC-68 claimed that the U.S. “could afford a massive arms buildup” (113). The term containment describes the foreign policy strategy pursued by the United States after the Second World War. This incident, together with…. McCoy, Donald R. The Presidency of Harry S. Truman. 2013. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The U.S. believed that Stalin was attempting to create a worldwide communist regime with … in Gaddis, “Reconsiderations: Containment”). in 353). First, the “police action” marked a shift from the peaceful Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine towards an aggressive policy. ... Social support theory argues the United States has higher rates of crime because of its. First, Kennan’s strategy confined America to “a few strategic regions,” but NSC-68 called for the U.S. to counter communism globally (Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove 113). … Kennan, George F., Charles Gati, and Richard H. Ullman. Foreign Policy 7 (72): 5-21.JSTOR. In sum, Kennan promoted a theory of containment primarily focused on containing the Soviets through the strategic use of diplomacy and economics. His policy of containment is known as the Truman Doctrine. It is loosely related to the term cordon sanitaire which was later used to describe the geopolitical containment of the Soviet Union in the 1940s. Web. Address. In this prolonged struggle the role of the United States is, according to Mr. X, to react "at a series of constantly shifting geographical and political points" to the encroachments of the Soviet power. For the North Koreans, U.S.’s hardline, militaristic containment triggered conflict (Park 250). Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Containment, strategic foreign policy pursued by the United States beginning in the late 1940s in order to check the expansionist policy of the Soviet Union. Web. A mid-level diplomat in the State Department named George Kennan proposed the policy of containment. in 113). Containment, associated with the American diplomat George F. Kennan, was the central post-war concept of the US and its allies in dealing with the Soviet Union. It took on the “commitment to contain communism everywhere” just before the Korean War (Gaddis, “Reconsiderations: The Cold War”). At this party meant to honor and celebrate his life, Kennan took the opportunity to explain why containment failed, saying that it took too long to get results and the costs were too high. Kennan was outraged by NSC-68 and claimed that he had nothing to do with its development, saying, “‘I was disgusted about the assumptions concerning Soviet intentions’” (Kennan qtd. in 113; McCoy 214-16). When the Soviet Union countered this…, …shared a consensus that Truman’s containment policy was, as the historian Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., wrote, “the brave and essential response of free men to communist aggression.” After all, Stalin’s tyranny was undeniable, and his seizure of countries in eastern Europe one by one was reminiscent of Hitler’s “salami tactics.” To…, …would soon be called “containment.” The first manifestation occurred in March 1946, when the U.S.S.R. failed to evacuate Iran on schedule and Secretary of State Byrnes was obliged to go to the UN Security Council and even hint at hostilities to get Moscow to retreat. Herring, George C. “America and Vietnam: The Unending War.” Foreign Affairs. Eisenhower, Dwight D. “Eisenhower Doctrine.” Address. Copeland, Daryl. It was enacted in the year 1946 and conceived by a diplomat George Kennan immediately after the … While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Print. Containment as U.S. policy during Cold War Era From after World War II and up until 1991 the foreign policy of the United States was based on Cold War ideology and the policy of containment; to prevent nations from leaning towards Soviet Union-based communism, as first laid out by George Kennan and later used as one of the key … They roll around every which way, and just when you think you have them all gathered together, a few more squirt out from your grasp and go skating away. However, this was the idea of communism. The weapons buildup signaled the hardline victory and the start of an arms race. The policy was to defeat the Soviet Union by preventing it from expanding the territories under its Communist control or otherwise extending its influence. The Capital Building, Washington D.C. 23 Jan. 1980. The American Presidency Project. The containment policy was a United States foreign policy or doctrine aimed at bringing communism to a stop and preventing the expansion of the Soviet Union through various strategies as military, economic and diplomatic. Web. Containment is a geopolitical strategic foreign policy pursued by the United States. The term was introduced into the public debate by George F. Kennan, a diplomat and … “Ideas Man.” Foreign Affairs. Since the American people were weary from war and had no desire to send United States troops into Eastern Europe, rolling back the gains of the Red Army would have been impossible. Containment, strategic foreign policy pursued by the United States beginning in the late 1940s in order to check the expansionist policy of the Soviet Union. For most in the Truman administration, the proper policy was "containment"—in other words, Soviet aggression had to be met with firmness, otherwise the Russians would be emboldened to attempt further hostile acts. The first major test of the U.S. policy of containment in Asia had begun, for the domino theory held that a victory by North Korea might lead to further Communist expansion in Asia, in the virtual backyard of the United States’ chief new ally … Kennan’s paper did address the need for a larger military and “strong action against the Kremlin,” but its primary focus was soft power, for the U.S.S.R still sought “‘to achieve its aims primarily by political means’” (Kennan qtd. The term was suggested by the principal framer of the policy, the U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan, who wrote in an anonymous article in the July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs that the United States should pursue a “long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies” in the hope that the regime would mellow or collapse. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/containment-foreign-policy. New York: H. Holt, 1995. Walter Reckless, in full Walter Cade Reckless, (born January 19, 1899, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.—died September 20, 1988, Dublin, Ohio), American criminologist known for his containment theory of criminology, which stated that juvenile delinquency commonly arises from a breakdown in moral and social forces that … During the Korean War, North Korea invaded South Korea in hope to unite the two countries as one. Wiest, Andrew A. The Vietnam War, 1956-1975. Containment was a foreign policy strategy followed by the United States during the Cold War. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. University of Virginia. Kissinger, Henry A. “The Age of Kennan.” The New York Times. 12 Feb. 2013. Print. 1947. In the U.S., politics occur ultimately at a local level, regardless of how scholars interpret international political actions. To fill this void, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), headed by Joseph Stalin, expanded its sphere of influence – the area in which it expressed substantial … Truman, Harry S. “Special Message to the Congress on Greece and Turkey.” Joint session of. Kennan saw hazard in this weapons race “not because of aggressive intentions on either side but because of the compulsions, the suspicions, the anxieties such a competition engenders, and because of the very serious dangers it carries with it of unintended complications—by error, by computer failure, by misread signals, or by mischief deliberately perpetrated by third parties” (Kennan, “Containment: 40 Years Later”). Many historians and political scientists now see that using containment theory in Vietnam was wrong. Eisenhower used the “falling domino” theory, the Eisenhower doctrine, to insert America in Vietnam’s business on Communism and attempt to repel it. Congress. Kennan’s ideas, which became the basis of the Truman administration’s foreign policy, first came to public attention in 1947 in the … Kennan forever lamented his fame as “the father of containment” and, at his ninetieth birthday party in 1994, deemed containment “‘one of the great disappointments of [his] life’” (qtd. 11, —. Web. Nitze increased military expenditures drastically: the military budget grew from $12.8 billion in 1947 to $46.1 billion in 1952 (Menand). University of California at Santa Barbara. Kennan “meant containment to be a policy of selective [diplomatic and economic] confrontation” not one of military adventurism (Menand).  He testified to this in front of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, where he warned against “‘violent objection to what exists, unaccompanied by any constructive concept of what, ideally ought to exist in its place’” (qtd. “Hard Power Vs. Soft Power.” The Mark News. 10 Feb. —. Adam C. Starr is a junior and seasoned debater at The Pembroke Hill School. Special Message to the Congress on. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Washington University, n.d. 1 July 1977. The Truman Doctrine demonstrated that the United States would not return to isolationism after World War II, but rather take an active role in world affairs. Dual Citizens in Congress? He generally agreed with Truman’s policy of containment containment except for China, which he included in … Low … a good self-concept) or out containment (ie. 1 Mar. Print. 1. Kennan saw the fatal flaws of the U.S. involvement in Korea. Though your own travails gathering m… —. The "containment policy" was the U.S. approach to containing, or preventing, the spread of Communism after World War II. Web. One of Eisenhower’s first acts upon taking office in January 1953 was to order a review of U.S. foreign policy. Building upon the conclusions of an earlier National Security Council paper (NSC-20/4), the authors of NSC-68 based their conclusions on the theory that the decline of the Western European powers and Japan following World War II had left the United States and the Soviet Union as the two dominant powers. 22 Feb. 1946. George Kennan’s “Long Telegram” George. “Getting Real.” The New Yorker. The Mark, 2 Feb. 2010. Print. To conclude, the United States adopted the policy of containment due to escalating fears over the expansionist foreign policy of the Soviet Union. in Gaddis, George F. Kennan 249). Or, as Kennan himself wrote, containment would result in 'either the breakup or the gradual mellowing of Soviet power.' —. Rather, the switch to hardline containment can be explained in a couple of ways. Carter, Jimmy. 10 Feb. 2013. American diplomat and political scientist George F. Kennan (1904-2005) in a photo from 1947 (Photo: Library of Congress). “The State of the Union Address.” Address. Washington did not heed Kennan’s warning, ignored Korea’s lack of “geopolitical significance,” and was drawn into years of conflict (Kissinger, Diplomacy 475). New York: Henry Holt, 2009. “The Sources of Soviet Conduct.” Foreign Affairs. As it happens, the application of that theory caused Americans to misread “the internal dynamics of the conflict there” (Herring). “The World According to Henry: From Metternich to Me.” Foreign Affairs. The policy, therefore, concedes to the Kremlin the strategic initiative as to when, … His studies include international relations and American foreign policy. Although Kennan invented the term and policy, it was later developed by Paul Nitze into a military-based rather than economic assistance and propaganda program. This policy, known as containment, a term suggested by its principal framer, George Kennan, resulted in the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, as well as in the decision to make the western zones of Germany (later West Germany) a pillar of strength. Kennan’s view proved to be correct. He was particularly upset that the U.S. and its allies demanded Russia’s “‘unconditional surrender’” (qtd. The U.S. feared that the Soviet Union may spread communism to other nations so they focused the foreign policy on containment of communism, both at home and abroad. The Hawk and the Dove: Paul Nitze, George Kennan, and the History of. Surely, your job is much easier if you have a few friends to help cage in those marbles. By Adam C. Starr | Mar 16, 2013 | Essays, US | 1 |. The idea was to make other countries pr Can you describe the United States policy of containment and show an example of an event when the policy was used and why? 10 Feb. 2013. The Berlin airlift was one successful containment method in which the untied states responded to the soviet blockade of Berlin, successfully bringing … First laid out by George F. Kennan in 1947, the policy stated that communism needed to be contained and isolated, or else it would spread to neighboring countries. Kennan knew that “a victory for Mao Zedong would not necessarily be one for the Kremlin,” for Mao was infected with what Kennan called “‘the Tito virus,’” a reference to the Yugoslavian leader Josip Broz Tito’s defiance of the Kremlin, which caused Stalin to lose control of Yugoslavia (Gaddis, George F. Kennan 351-52) Ambassador Walter Smith, who understood Kennan’s stance, advised the Policy Planning Staff that “‘the Russians fear Titoism above everything else…. The world has come to know containment as Kennan’s brainchild, yet Washington changed it in such a way that he did not recognize his own offspring. American policy of containment refers to the foreign policy strategy of the US in the early years of the Cold war. The term was suggested by the principal framer of the policy, the U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan, who wrote in an anonymous article in the July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs that the United States should pursue a “long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies” in the hope that … Print. The United States successfully utilized containment by the application of 3 methods, the Berlin airlift ,the Truman Doctrine, and the use of naval blockade. This error was continued by later administrations in other Asian nations. 1 July 1947. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. Oxford: Osprey, 2002. The truth is still disputed. The two most infamous examples of militarism in the name of containment are the conflicts in Korea and Vietnam. Communism is a theory or system of ownership of all property by the community or state. To help rebuild after the war, the United States pledged $13 billion of aid to Europe in the Marshall Plan. Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas. A “realist” would say that the cold war “was about the balance of power, or about spheres of influence: it was not much different from the other great power rivalries of modern history” (Gaddis, How Relevant Was U.S. Strategy 3). [Carlisle Barracks, Pa.]: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1992. Thus, Truman applied “to East Asia a containment policy that had originally been applied in Europe” (Herring). Second, Kennan saw the limitations of American influence in Asia. 30 Jan. 2013. How Relevant Was U.S. Strategy in Winning the Cold War? in 249). The US containment policy was shown to be effective and successful over the course of this campaign. the Situation in the Middle East. The domino theory was the basis for the United States strategy of containment, and the reason for entering the Vietnam War. The State of the Union. “Reconsiderations: The Cold War Was the Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point?” Foreign. Washingtonpost.Newsweek Interactive, LLC, Summer 1972. This strategy tragically backfired in Vietnam. 1 Dec. 1991. Web. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947. in Kissinger, “The Age of Kennan”). the Cold War. However, for decades American presidents restyled Kennan’s theory of containment to justify military interventions in Asia. Kennan, George F. “Containment: 40 Years Later.” Foreign Affairs. At that time, the U.S. had a containment policy against communist states. They had either inner containment (ie. Updates? However, the truth, most likely, lies somewhere in the middle. The Capital Building, Washington D.C. 12 Mar. For instance, Eisenhower, in his 1952 inaugural address, linked the French conflict in Vietnam to the American effort to stifle Communism in Korea, for “Communists in Korea and Vietnam were regarded as part of the greater war” (Wiest 13-14). Finally and most importantly, the two papers differed on the question of political or military containment. The New York Times, 10 Nov. —. New York: Penguin, 2011. 12 Feb. 2013. Additionally, because a year earlier in 1949 the Soviets developed a nuclear weapon, Kennan suggested that the U.S. “adopt a policy of never using nuclear weapons before the Soviets did” (113). Due to the Cold War doctrine of American Officials in the 1950s, the United States believed that they had the right to stop any and all Communist insurrection or hostility. Find an answer to your question Which foreign policy action is an example of the United States' use of the theory of containment? Whereas a “revisionist” would claim that “the cold war was about the self-serving aggressiveness of an American military-industrial complex that had set out to impose its  “hegemony” over the rest of the earth in pursuit of power and profits” (3). The policy was implemented in the Truman Doctrine of 1947, which guaranteed immediate economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey, and in the Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957, which promised military and economic aid to Middle Eastern countries resisting communist aggression. Nitze claimed that he derived the National Council Report 68 (NSC-68), the top secret, 58-page document that provided the actual outline for US containment policy, from Kennan’s earlier paper, NSC-20/4.
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