Morphology and Structure: A. catenella is a photosynthetic species with numerous yellow-green to orange-brown chloroplasts. Alexandrium catenella is easily distinguished from Alexandrium minutum on the basis of size and plate structure, and from A. tamarense on the basis of shape, plate structure and chain length (Balech, 1995). Since 2002, blooms of Alexandrium catenella sensu Fraga et al. It has two flagella: a transverse flagellum around the cingulum groove called the girdle, and the longitudinal flagellum that Morphology Alexandrium catenella (Figures 2A,B) Cells isodiametric (40–50 μm long, 30–50 μm wide). To better understand the triggers for reoccurring A. catenella blooms in Most notabl… a single-celled, phototrophic dinoflagellate which lives around coastal marine environments the toxic Alexandrium catenella (Whedon and Kofoid 1936) Balech, 1985(ATTL01)or the nontoxic dinoflagellateHetero-capsatriquetra(strain HT99PZ-Ehrenberg1840) for 9 days at 250 cellml −1(20 mlmin ). This genus is globally distributed, and can be found in sub-polar, temperate, and tropical coastal waters. M = 100-bp DNA size marker. Little is known of their gametes because they are indistinguishable from vegetative cells by morphology or ploidy. 2012). The width of the cell was slightly longer than the length, ranging between 25 μm and 42 μm in length and 25 μm and 44 μm in width. The nucleus is large and U-shaped ( Whedon and Kofoid, 1936 ). Murray et al. Alexandrium acatenella and A. catenella were initially de scribed byWhedon&Kofoid(1936) asmembersofthe genus Gonyaulax, G. acatenella and G. catenella respectively. It has a large U-shaped Close In this study, species-specific rRNA probes were designed for whole-cell fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to distinguish A. minutum from … 1C), they were described as A. catenella. In: Sar, E., Ferrario, M., Reguera, B. sequence analysis To explore this interactive effect, the growth, physiology, and cell compositions of smaller Alexandrium minutum and larger A. catenella, globally distributed toxic red tide dinoflagellates, were studied under a matrix of photoperiods (light:dark cycles of 8:16, … The detailed description of cell shape, size cells in Morphology & Ecology The genus Alexandrium is a particularly well-known group of bloom-forming marine dinoflagellates due to their impacts on human health. Most species have thin and smooth thecal plates, though Alexandrium minutum can sometimes have a reticulated hypotheca (Montresoret al., … This corresponds to the description of Alexandrium catenella (Whedon & Kofoid) Balech, 1985. the toxic Alexandrium catenella (Whedon and Kofoid 1936) Balech, 1985(ATTL01)or the nontoxic dinoflagellateHetero-capsatriquetra(strain HT99PZ-Ehrenberg1840) for 9 days at 250 cellml −1(20 mlmin ). This study investigated the morphology (2012). 53. M = 100-bp DNA size marker. PCR probes for Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium ostenfeldii yielded a positive signal, although A. minutum morphology did not completely match the classical description. Alexandrium catenella originally described as Gonyaulax catenella by Whedon and Kofoid (1936) from collected off San Francisco (California) and along the Oregon coast, USA. Since 1998, blooms of Alexandrium catenella associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning have been repeatedly reported for Thau Lagoon (French Mediterranean coast).Adachi, M., Y. Sako, and Y. Ishida.1996.Analysis of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) species using sequences of the 5.8S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer regions. The dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum is often associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs). (2011), strain PFBX illustrated in figure 2 and the ITS phylogeny in figure 4. The position of several of the major clades of Alexandrium differed in that analysis, compared to the analysis presented by Gómez and Artigas (2019). ATTL01 and ATTL02 were identified via thecal plate morphology as Alexandrium catenella. Three species of Centrodinium were examined using thecal plate dissociation, scanning electron microscopy, and molecular sequences. Alexandrium catenella blooms were detected in 2013–2015 by LM and MPS, whereas no bloom was recorded in 2012, although the presence of the species was confirmed by both methods. The plankton species diversity decreased before and middle of the A. catenella blooms in 2013, 2014 and 2015, potentially indicating that the presence of other species, may influence the development blooms of A. catenella … Based on these morphological criteria, a majority of the strains isolated in various sites in the Pacific Ocean were reported as A. catenella (see the recent reviews Anderson & al. Graham, 1943, Alexandrium minutum Halim, 1960, Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech, 1995, and Alexandrium catenella (Whedon and Kofoid) Balech, 1985, are causative agents of PSP and their presence in Australia has PCR probes for Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium ostenfeldii yielded a positive signal, although A. minutum morphology did not completely match the classical description. Two Alexandrium strains also had the plate formula Po, 4′, 6″, 6C, 8S, 5″′, 2″″ but the ventral pore was absent in the first apical plate (Fig. It’s association with algal blooms forms red tides. The third apical plate This study investigated the morphology, internal This species consists of many strains that differ in their ability to produce toxins but have similar morphology, making identification difficult. Leilén L. Gracia Villalobos, Jésica L. Tobke, Nora G. Montoya, Norma H. Santinelli, Mónica N. Gil, Experimental exposure of the mussel Mytilus platensis (d’Orbigny, 1842) to the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella from10.1007 Morphology and phylogeny of Alexandrium catenella (Group I) and A. pacificum (Group IV) germinated from the resting cysts No morphological features were distinguished between the resting cysts of Alexandrium species collected in August and November, although the external shapes of the resting cysts were not identical ( Fig. Harmful Algae 7 : 106-113. The life cycle of Alexandrium catenella (a Paralytic Shellfish Poison-producing dinoflagellate) facilitates bloom initiation, bloom decline, and species dispersal. Alexandrium catenella Thau lagoon Paralytic shellfish poisons Morphology Growth phases Invasion Fecha de publicación: 2012 Editor: Station biologique de Roscoff Citación: Cahiers de Biologie Marine 53(3): 365-372 (2012) : al. 2012). The Alexandrium tamarense species complex is a closely related cosmopolitan toxigenic group of morphology-based species, including A. tamarense, A. catenella and A. fundyense. Little is known of their gametes because they are indistinguishable from vegetative cells by morphology or ploidy. The following toxins were found in decreasing concentrations: N-sulfocarbamoyltoxins 1 + 2 (51%), Gonyautoxins 5 (35%), Gonyautoxins 4 (12%), Gonyautoxins 1 (1%) and neo-Saxitoxin (1%) with N-sulfocarbamoyltoxins 4, Gonyautoxins 3, Saxitoxin and decarbamoyl saxitoxin present as trace amounts (not show). Twenty-eight strains of toxic dinoflagellates in the genusAlexandrium from the northeastern United States and Canada were characterized on the basis of morphology, bioluminescence capacity, mating compatibility, and toxin composition. Amplification of local Alexandrium strains ACC01, ACC02 and ACC07 using species-specific primers; A. tamarense (lanes 1, 2 and 3) and A. catenella (lanes 4, 5 and 6). ATTL01 and ATTL02 were identified via thecal plate morphology as Alexandrium catenella. Jorge I. Mardones, Marius N. Müller, Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff, Toxic dinoflagellate blooms of Alexandrium catenella in Chilean fjords: a resilient winner from climate change, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 74, Issue 4, May Alexandrium catenella (Whedon & Kof.) In this thesis study, (+) and (-) mating A catenella cultures (NEPCC #743 and #744) were isolated from … INTRODUCTION. Balech sensu Varela et al. Blooms of the Alexandrium catenella (Whedon et Kofoid) Balech associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) have occurred in the south of the Chilean coast since 1972 ( Guzmán and Lembeye, 1975 ), and until now have been responsible for 28 dead and several hundred intoxicated people. In: Sar, E., Ferrario, M., Reguera, B. sequence analysis In one trial, eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, were exposed to bloom concentrations of the sympatric dinoflagellate, Alexandrium fundyense Balech, alone and in a mixture with a non-toxic diatom, Thalassiosira … The nucleus is large and U-shaped ( Whedon and Kofoid, 1936 ). dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium Halim currently encompasses more than 30 species (Anderson The position of several of the major clades of Alexandrium differed in that analysis, compared … 2012; in Annual Rev. This study investigated the morphology The concentration of H. Morphology Alexandrium leei strains from the South China Sea and Yellow Sea always had a ventral pore located inside Plate 1′, as also reported for Korean and Malaysian strains (Balech, 1995, Usup et al., 2002). The concentration of H. (2015) conducted an analysis of Alexandrium using a concatenated alignment of eight genes, with a total length of 7308 bp. Amplification of local Alexandrium strains ACC01, ACC02 and ACC07 using species-specific primers; A. tamarense (lanes 1, 2 and 3) and A. catenella (lanes 4, 5 and 6). The following toxins were found in decreasing concentrations: N-sulfocarbamoyltoxins 1 + 2 (51%), Gonyautoxins 5 (35%), Gonyautoxins 4 (12%), Gonyautoxins 1 (1%) and neo-Saxitoxin (1%) with N-sulfocarbamoyltoxins 4, Gonyautoxins 3, Saxitoxin and decarbamoyl saxitoxin present as trace … Balech sensu Aguilera-Belmonte et. Individual cells are almost round, slightly longer than wide (Olenina and Olenin 2006). According to Balech (1995), species in this genus are characterized by their Kofoidian thecal plate formula Po, 4’, 6”, 5”’, 2””, 6c and 9-10s. The “Atama complex”, which consists of Alexandrium tamarense, A. fundyense, and A. catenella, is one of the most important groups within the dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium. Shift of phytoplankton niches from low to high latitudes has altered their experienced light exposure durations and temperatures. (2012). The Alexandrium catenella (ACT03) strain contained 5.3 ± 0.4 pg toxins/cell. Sci. Three species of Centrodinium were examined using thecal plate dissociation, scanning electron microscopy, and molecular sequences. A.tamarense is microscopic in size at about 25-46 micrometers in length per cell. (2011), strain PFBX illustrated in figure 2 and the ITS phylogeny in figure 4. Morphology & Ecology The genus Alexandrium is a particularly well-known group of bloom-forming marine dinoflagellates due to their impacts on human health. Leilén L. Gracia Villalobos, Jésica L. Tobke, Nora G. Montoya, Norma H. Santinelli, Mónica N. Gil, Experimental exposure of the mussel Mytilus platensis (d’Orbigny, 1842) to the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella from10.1007 Since then, Alexandriumcatenella hasbeenrecognizedas Jorge I. Mardones, Marius N. Müller, Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff, Toxic dinoflagellate blooms of Alexandrium catenella in Chilean fjords: a resilient winner from climate change, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 74, Issue 4, May Graham, 1943, Alexandrium minutum Halim, 1960, Alexandrium tamarense (Lebour) Balech, 1995, and Alexandrium catenella (Whedon and Kofoid) Balech, 1985, are causative agents of PSP and their presence in Australia has Alexandrium catenella originally described as Gonyaulax catenella by Whedon and Kofoid (1936) from collected off San Francisco (California) and along the Oregon coast, USA. Information of the biogeography of the Atama complex is limited in the Arctic Ocean. According to Balech (1995), species in this genus are characterized by their Kofoidian thecal plate formula Po, 4’, 6”, 5”’, 2””, 6c and 9-10s. The genus Centrodinium contains oceanic and predominantly tropical species that have received little attention. The first apical plate (1′) was irregularly rhomboidal connected direct or indirectly to the apical pore (Po). Shift of phytoplankton niches from low to high latitudes has altered their experienced light exposure durations and temperatures. Alexandrium catenella cells were originally described as being slightly broader than long and to form chains. Sci. This corresponds to the description of Alexandrium catenella (Whedon & Kofoid) Balech, 1985. Analysis of the nuclear rRNA fragment, including ITS1, the 5.8S rRNA gene, ITS2, and the D1/D2 28S rRNA genes revealed that the To better understand the triggers for reoccurring A. catenella blooms in 2012; in Annual Rev. al. Populations have been recorded from the north Pacific coast of the United States and Canada, Japan, Argentina and northern Chile ( Whedon and Kofoid, 1936 , Balech, 1995 , Taylor et al., 1995 , … Since then, Alexandriumcatenella hasbeenrecognizedas catenella). Alexandrium catenella • Alexandrium produces saxitoxin. The genus Centrodinium contains oceanic and predominantly tropical species that have received little attention. To identify the Alexandrium species based on detailed morphological features, vegetative cells collected water samples and established by the incubation of resting cysts isolated from sediment trap samples were analyzed. 3 ). Alexandrium catenella (Whedon & Kof.) Alexandrium catenella forms chains of 2, 4 or 8 cells that swim together like a snake. Twenty-eight strains of toxic dinoflagellates in the genusAlexandrium from the northeastern United States and Canada were characterized on the basis of morphology, bioluminescence capacity, mating compatibility, and toxin composition. Morphology and Structure: A. catenella is a photosynthetic species with numerous yellow-green to orange-brown chloroplasts. The Alexandrium catenella (ACT03) strain contained 5.3 ± 0.4 pg toxins/cell. Populations have been recorded from the north Pacific coast of the United States and Canada, Japan, Argentina and northern Chile ( Whedon and Kofoid, 1936 , Balech, 1995 , Taylor et al., 1995 , Steidinger and Tangen, 1996 ). Analysis of PSP toxin composition of plankton 1C), they were described as A. catenella. Murray et al. Four species of Alexandrium were identified: Alexandrium affine, A. fundyense, A. catenella, and A. insuetum. Since 2002, blooms of Alexandrium catenella sensu Fraga et al. The life cycle of Alexandrium catenella (a Paralytic Shellfish Poison-producing dinoflagellate) facilitates bloom initiation, bloom decline, and species dispersal. This species consists of many strains that differ in their ability to produce toxins but have similar morphology, making identification difficult. The plankton species diversity decreased before and middle of the A. catenella blooms in 2013, 2014 and 2015, potentially indicating that the presence of other species, may influence the development blooms of A. catenella … 4: 143–176. The distributions of these characters were evaluated in the context of regional patterns of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and coastal hydrography. Alexandrium acatenella and A. catenella were initially de scribed byWhedon&Kofoid(1936) asmembersofthe genus Gonyaulax, G. acatenella and G. catenella respectively. Morphology Alexandrium leei strains from the South China Sea and Yellow Sea always had a ventral pore located inside Plate 1′, as also reported for Korean and Malaysian strains (Balech, 1995, Usup et al., 2002). Since 1998, blooms of Alexandrium catenella associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning have been repeatedly reported for Thau Lagoon (French Mediterranean coast).Adachi, M., Y. Sako, and Y. Ishida.1996.Analysis of Alexandrium (Dinophyceae) species using sequences of the 5.8S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer regions. This genus is globally distributed, and can be found in sub-polar, temperate, and tropical coastal waters. … Analysis of PSP toxin composition of plankton Two Alexandrium strains also had the plate formula Po, 4′, 6″, 6C, 8S, 5″′, 2″″ but the ventral pore was absent in the first apical plate (Fig. The distributions of these characters were evaluated in the context of regional patterns of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and coastal hydrography. The width of the cell was slightly longer than the length, ranging between 25 μm and 42 μm in … Comparative studies on morphology, ITS sequence and protein profile of Alexandrium tamarense and A. catenella isolated from the China Sea. The detailed description of cell shape, size cells in in Harmful Algae 14: 10–35. The “Atama complex”, which consists of Alexandrium tamarense, A. fundyense, and A. catenella, is one of the most important groups within the dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium. Mar. Balech sensu Varela et al. (Whedon et Kofoid) Balech associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) have occurred Alexandrium acatenella is widely distributed in Pacific coastal waters. The apical horn of Centrodinium intermedium and C. eminens is formed by the elongation of the … 3 ). The Alexandrium tamarense species complex is a closely related cosmopolitan toxigenic group of morphology-based species, including A. tamarense, A. catenella and A. fundyense. Description and significance Alexandrium tamarense is a single-celled, phototrophic dinoflagellate which lives around coastal marine environments. Little is known of their gametes because they are indistinguishable from vegetative cells by morphology or ploidy. PCR probes for Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium ostenfeldii yielded a positive signal, although A. minutum morphology did not completely match the classical description. Individual cells are almost round, slightly longer than wide (Olenina and Olenin 2006). Comparative studies on morphology, ITS sequence and protein profile of Alexandrium tamarense and A. catenella isolated from the China Sea. Based on these morphological criteria, a majority of the strains isolated in various sites in the Pacific Ocean were reported as A. catenella (see the recent reviews Anderson & al. Alexandrium catenella is easily distinguished from Alexandrium minutum on the basis of size and plate structure, and from A. tamarense on the basis of shape, plate structure and chain length ( Balech, 1995 ). Alexandrium catenella • Alexandrium produces saxitoxin. Analysis of the nuclear rRNA fragment, including ITS1, the 5.8S rRNA gene, ITS2, and the D1/D2 28S rRNA genes revealed that the Most species have thin and smooth thecal plates, though Alexandrium minutum can sometimes have a reticulated hypotheca (Montresoret al., 1990; Balech, 1995 ). The dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum is often associated with harmful algal blooms (HABs). Morphology and phylogeny of Alexandrium catenella (Group I) and A. pacificum (Group IV) germinated from the resting cysts No morphological features were distinguished between the resting cysts of Alexandrium species collected in August and November, although the external shapes of the resting cysts were not identical ( Fig. The possible effect of Alexandrium spp. (2015) and paralytic shellfish toxicity events have occurred almost yearly in Osaka Bay, Japan. The Alexandrium tamarense species complex is a closely related cosmopolitan toxigenic group of morphology-based species, including A. tamarense, A. catenella and A. fundyense. Analysis of PSP toxin composition of plankton containing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins on the hemocytes of oysters was tested experimentally. PCR probes for Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium ostenfeldii yielded a positive signal, although A. minutum morphology did not completely match the classical description. Information of the biogeography of the Atama complex is limited in the Arctic Ocean. Four species of Alexandrium were identified: Alexandrium affine, A. fundyense, A. catenella, and A. insuetum. Alexandrium catenella blooms were detected in 2013–2015 by LM and MPS, whereas no bloom was recorded in 2012, although the presence of the species was confirmed by both methods. Alexandrium catenella Thau lagoon Paralytic shellfish poisons Morphology Growth phases Invasion Fecha de publicación: 2012 Editor: Station biologique de Roscoff Citación: Cahiers de Biologie Marine 53(3): 365-372 (2012) : containing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins on the hemocytes of oysters was tested experimentally. PCR probes for Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium ostenfeldii yielded a positive signal, although A. minutum morphology did not completely match the classical description. catenella). PCR probes for Alexandrium minutum and Alexandrium ostenfeldii yielded a positive signal, although A. minutum morphology did not completely match the classical description. It has a large U-shaped Close Alexandrium acatenella is widely distributed in Pacific coastal waters. (2015) and paralytic shellfish toxicity events have occurred almost yearly in Osaka Bay, Japan. Little is known of their gametes because they are indistinguishable from vegetative cells by morphology or ploidy.
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