This does not exclude some late 18th Dynasty work here either. The ostraca records the number of days on which an unknown Deir el-Medina workman was absent from work and covers the period from Year 26 III Peret day 11 to Year 27 II Akhet day 12 before breaking off. During the reign of Tutankhamun (r. 1336–1327 BC), Horemheb progressed in his military career and became the commander of all the army. In the early years, the elderly courtier Eye, brother-in-law Amenhotep III, and the commander Horemheb ruled for him. Indomitable warrior and army general at the court of Akhenaten and Tutankhamun before then, Horemheb is an ambitious man known for his thirst for conquest of new glory. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Later, in the reign of Akhenaten , he became Great Commander of the Army. During the reign of Tutankhamun , he became King's Deputy (and very likely regent), and may, together with Ay , been responsible for governing Egypt in the background during Tutankhamun's reign. Horemheb's throne name, Djeserkheperure Setepenre, means "Holy are the Manifestations of Re, Chosen of Re". His tomb was found in the Valley of the Kings: a large cemetery/burial place close to civilization. However, this form of writing is also attested in monuments of Ramesses II and it would, therefore, not be unexpected to find it in a document from the very late 18th Dynasty since the transition from the Early New Kingdom to the Late New Kingdom Form of writing had already occurred prior to the end of Horemheb's reign, as Frank Yurco once noted. Horemheb knew the army was going to be important, and also that the army was essentially a bureaucracy. Horemheb’s Reign Length. Who was Horemheb? He ruled from 897 to 870 B.C. Janssen, in his original BIFAO paper, noted the curious fact that no known New Kingdom Pharaohs who reigned for a quarter of a century including Ramesses II and Ramesses III had their accession date in this time frame and suggests the Year change was an error committed on behalf of the scribe. Horemheb is not known to have any children by his first wife, Amenia, who died before Horemheb assumed power. Alan Gardiner, The Inscription of Mes: A Contribution to Egyptian Juridical Procedure, Untersuchungen IV, Pt. Having served as commander of the army under Tutankhamen, Horemheb came to the throne after the ephemeral reign of Ay and completed the dismantling of the temples of the Aton built at Karnak in order to suppress what was considered an aberrant religion. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. [11] Since Manetho gives Ay reign of 4 years and 1 month, this ruler would have died sometime around the month of IV Peret or the first half of I Shemu at the very latest. Doherty's trilogy of historical novels, "An Evil Spirit Out of the West", "The Season of the Hyaena" and "The Year of the Cobra". The last pharaoh of the XVIIIth Dynasty, Horemheb (between 1319 BC and 1292 BC), was reputably a commoner by birth. As Janssen himself writes (p.305), a few 19th Dynasty ostracas have been found in the Grand Putit area prior to the 20th Dynasty's intensive exploitation of this region. Biography of King of Egipto Horemheb (1333-1305 a.C.) (Hr-m-hb) Last King of the 18th Egyptian dynasty, Ay successor on the throne. Horemheb's birth name and epithet was Horemheb Meryamun, meaning Horus is in Jubilation, Beloved of Amun. Horemheb was most likely a military officer during the reign of Amenhotep III and became a commander during the rule of Akhenaten. Not much is known about the background of Horemheb, but he was the commander in chief of the army of King Akhenaten. e. The son of Pharaoh Akhenaten and his unidentified sister (the mummy KV35YL) ascended the throne at the age of 9. Read More on This Topic ancient Egypt: Ay and Horemheb His tomb features images of the Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Technically, this name is transliterated as ḥr-m-ḥb mry-ỉmn, which is written in Hieroglyphs to the right. The goal of the Egyptian campaigns in the region was to re-establish Egyptian rule over Palestine and Lebanon. To us Saqqara-enthusiasts, however, he is most famous for his beautiful limestone tomb in … 44, p 193-200. : Acts of an International Colloquim on absolute chronology held at the University of Gothenburg 20-22 August 1987." Horemheb came into prominence as a soldier, statesman and diplomat towards the end of the reign of Amenhotep III (1389 BC -1351 BC) who reigned from the capital at Thebes. (JNES 25[1966], p.123) Donald Redford, in a BASOR 211(1973) #37 footnote observes that the use of Horemheb's name and the addition of a long "Meryamun" (Beloved of Amun) epithet in the graffito suggests a living, eulogised king rather than a long deceased king. Once all these rulers reigns are deducted from the Year 59 date, Horemheb would still have easily enjoyed a reign of 26-27 Years. However, it was at Karnak where Horemheb would devote his time towards his most prestigious projects. Horemheb was the last king of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. Horemheb also dedicated a rock temple to Amun & Tehuti near Gebel el-Silsila. At the same time, he restored many of the damaged reliefs and statues portraying the god Amon and erected three of the largest pylons at Karnak, as well as several other significant monuments in the Theban area. This statue is now located in the Oriental Institute of Chicago. His tomb was discovered by Edward Ayrton in the 20th century. 3- Horemheb is a well-known general from the time of Pharaoh Tutankhamen the king of Egypt. The Pharaoh Horemheb The best known member of the 18th Dynasty of Egyptian Pharaohs is Tutankhamun, who's short reign lasted from 1334 - 1325 BC. Indeed, Janssen's palaeographical reference for his paper–Prof. Total of thirty-two dynasties has existed in Ancient Egypt, each leaving the significant traces in human history. Another important Text–The Inscription of Mes–from Mes' 19th Dynasty tomb records that a court case was initiated by a rival branch of Mes' family in Year 59 of Horemheb. Rolf Krauss, "Nur ein kurioser Irrtum oder ein Beleg für die Jahr 26 und 27 von Haremhab?" Updates? Not much is known about the background of Horemheb, but he was the commander in chief of the army of King Akhenaten. With an institution so large, one person can’t watch it all. These deeds are recorded in a stela which the king erected at the foot of his Tenth Pylon at Karnak. While he only ruled for around 10 years between 1332-1323 BC, the discovery of his tomb in 1922 made him the world’s best-known pharaoh. Horemheb is a well-known general from the time of Pharaoh Tutankhamen. He ruled from 1333 BCE until his death in 1323 BCE. He is a minor character in Lucile Morrison's 1937 teen novel The Lost Queen of Egypt. Mostly, the Egyptian efforts were focused on Syria, where the Hittites had wrested control from the Egyptians over Amurru and Karkemish. Horemheb also appears as a major character in P.C. [1] His parentage is unknown but he is universally believed to be a commoner. Horemheb was the last pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. Horemheb finally gained power and became the twelfth and terminal pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty in 897 B.C. So, he had a commander for the north, and a commander for the south. Secondly, both Janssen and Krauss stress in their papers that the relative scarcity of the hieratic text in Ostraca IFAO 1254 precludes a clear dating of the document to Ramesses III's reign and that palaeography, in general, does not give a precise date for a document's creation. Relief of Horemheb plowing land, tomb of Horemheb, Ṣaqqārah, Egypt. Krauss supports his hypothesis with evidence from Ostraca IFAO 1254 which was initially published by Jac Janssen in a BIFAO 84(1984) paper under the title "A Curious Error." Horemheb, also spelled Haremhab, (flourished 13th century bce), last king (reigned 1319–1292 bce) of the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt; he continued the restoration of the traditional Amon religion that a previous ruler, Akhenaton, had replaced with the worship of the god Aton. According to the French (Sorbonne) Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal, Horemheb does not appear to be the same person as Paatenemheb (Aten Is Present In Jubilation) wh… He was responsible for campaigns into Nubia and Asia. Nicholas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, (Blackwell Books: 1992), pp.243-244 and p.303. Very little is known about Akhenaten prior to his ascendancy to the throne of Egypt. He managed to secure a number of military successes in Nubia. ... Or was it Horemheb, the general of the army and thus a very powerful man? He is believed to have come from Heraklepolis, which is located near the entrance of Fayoum. Tutankhamun was a pharaoh of the XVIII dynasty of Ancient Egypt, who ruled around 1333 - 1323 BC. 3 (Leipzig: 1905). In the earliest known stage of his life, Horemheb served as "the royal spokesman for [Egypt's] foreign affairs" and personally led a diplomatic mission to visit the Nubian governors. He then attributed the ostraca to Ramesses III, whose accession date was I Shemu day 26 and expressed his view that the scribe may have inadvertently implemented the Year change two weeks early instead. It remained unused, however, as Horemheb was buried in a royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings. Horemheb is believed to have originated from Herakleopolis Magna or ancient Hnes (modern Ihnasya el-Medina) on the west bank of the Nile near the entrance to the Fayum since his coronation text formally credits the God Horus of Hnes for establishing him on the throne. Djeserkheperure Horemheb was the last Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt's 18th Dynasty from c.1320 BC to late 1292 BC. [6] After Ay's brief reign of four years and one month, however, Horemheb managed to seize power presumably from his position as Commander of the Army to assume what he must have perceived to be his just reward for having ably served Egypt under Tutankhamun and Ay. Janssen also observed that the palaeography of the ostraca suggests a date in the 20th Dynasty partly because it followed the later New Kingdom form of writing and due to its provenance in the Grand Putit region, which features numerous Dynasty 20 ostracas. Horemheb served Tutankhamen and may have served Akhenaten before that. He governed the Egyptian people along with vizier Ay and was responsi… Since the Mes inscription was composed during the reign of Ramesses II when the Amarna-era Pharaohs were struck from the official king-lists, the Year 59 Horemheb date certainly includes the nearly 17 Year reign of Akhenaten, the 1 year independent reign of Smenkhkare, the 9 year reign of Tutankhamun and the 4 year reign of Ay. Despite some scholarly debate, Horemheb's Highest Year date is likely attested in a hieratic graffito written on the shoulder of a now fragmented statue from his mortuary temple in Karnak which mentions the appearance of the king himself, or a royal cult statue representing the king, for a religious feast. Horemheb quickly removed Naktmin's rival claim to the throne and arranged to have Ay's WV23 tomb desecrated by smashing the latter's sarcophagus into several pieces, systematically chiselling out Ay's name and figure out of the tomb walls and probably destroying Ay's mummy.[7]. However, he spared Tutankhamun's tomb from vandalism presumably because it was the Boy King who had promoted his sudden rise to power and chosen him to be this king's successor. Upon his accession, Horemheb initiated a comprehensive series of internal reforms meant to curb the gross abuses of power and privileges that had begun under Akhenaten's reign, due to the overcentralization of state power and privileges in the hands of a few officials. Horemheb was born a commoner. Paramesse employed the name Ramesses I upon assuming power and founded the 19th Dynasty of the New Kingdom. To the ancient Egyptians, Horemheb was probably best-known as pharaoh. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. Doherty's trilogy of historical novels, "An Evil Spirit Out of the West", "The Season of the Hyaena" and "The Year of the Cobra". Horemheb probably knew that the priests were powerful. Despite the spectacular contents of his tomb, discovered on November 22, 1922, little else is known about his boy king, and even is exact parentage is not certain. Further analysis indicated that only the years 13 and 14 were attested. [2] Grimal notes that Horemheb's political career first began under Tutankhamun where he "is depicted at this king's side in his own tomb chapel at Memphis."[3]. Horemheb also appears as a major character in P.C. There are no known brothers or sisters of Horemheb and no known children. Ay's accession date occurred somewhere in the month of III Peret. Horemheb also usurped and enlarged Ay's mortuary temple at Medinet Habu for his own use and erased Ay's titulary on the back of a 17 foot colossal statue by carving his own titulary in its place. Horemheb, the Last King of Egypt's 18th Dynasty CAIRO - 7 June 2020: Pharaoh and military commander Horemheb was the last pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty in ancient Egypt. The one of Horemheb being, to date, the oldest known where stone was also used, in the shape of beautiful blocks of fine Tura limestone. Horemheb campaigned in Nubia and against Asiatics: Horemheb’s career started in the army during the reign of Akhenaten.
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